History of Wars Summary 2 - Hundred Years' War 9: The Battle of Castillon and the End of the Hundred Years' War

In 1452, England launched one last major counter-offensive and recaptured Bordeaux. However, the French army soon deployed a large force and attacked Aquitaine. On July 17, 1453, the two armies clashed at Castillon. The French army effectively utilized artillery in the battle, and the English army suffered heavy losses attempting to break through the French bombardment. The English commander, John Talbot, was also killed in this battle. After the defeat at Castillon and the subsequent loss of Bordeaux back to the French, England's control over Aquitaine ended. The only significant territory England retained in France was Calais. Although no official peace treaty was signed, no war on the scale of the Hundred Years' War occurred between the two nations after 1453. Therefore, the Battle of Castillon is generally considered the last major battle of the Hundred Years' War and its effective end. While competition between England and France continued, their relationship entered a new era.