History of Warfare Summary 8 - Emperor Wu's Campaign Against the Xiongnu 4: The Great Expedition of 119 BC

In 119 BC, Emperor Wu of Han launched his most extensive expedition against the Xiongnu. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led the campaign, with Wei Qing commanding cavalry and Huo Qubing infantry, advancing in different directions to pressure the main Xiongnu forces. The Han army prepared vast amounts of grain and horses for this long-range operation and deployed a large cavalry force to match the Xiongnu's mobility. During this expedition, Wei Qing engaged and defeated the main Xiongnu forces, while Huo Qubing pushed further north to attack their strongholds. As the battles continued, the Xiongnu retreated far from the Han borders, significantly enhancing Han's military superiority in the north. However, the expedition incurred immense costs and resulted in considerable losses of troops and horses. Nevertheless, the 119 BC expedition is regarded as a defining event in Han's offensive against the Xiongnu, demonstrating their capability to project military power beyond their borders.